Kawther Ahmed
Due to its remarkable physicochemical characteristics , such as chemical stability, biocompatibility, photocatalytic activity, low toxicity, and affordability , titanium dioxide (TiO2, titania ) has become one of the most studied metal oxide nanomaterials. With a focus on its structural characteristics, synthesis methods, modification approaches, and multifunctional applications, this review offers a thorough summary of current developments in TiO2. The benefits, drawbacks, and effects of several fabrication techniques - such as chemical, physical and biological (green synthesis) methods -on TiO2 performance are examined. This review also looks at recent developments in TiO2- based nanocomposites and surface changes intended to get beyond intrinsic constraints including low visible-light activity and fast electron-hole recombination. A thorough summary of TiO's many uses in wastewater treatment , photocatalysis, food packaging, biomedical system, dye-sensitized solar cells, agriculture, gas sensing and thermal energy storage is provided. Lastly, important obstacles, present research direction , and prospects for enhancing TiO2 sustainability and efficiency in transdisciplinary applications are emphasized. In order to facilitate future research and industrial development of TiO2- based materials, this study provides an updated and comprehensive viewpoint.