Physicochemical Standardization, LC-MS/MS Phytochemical Characterization, and In Vitro Aldose Reductase Inhibitory Activity of Ayurvedic Formulation Chandraprabha Vati

Background: Chandraprabha Vati (CPV) is an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation, traditionally used for diabetes-like conditions, urinary disorders, reproductive ailments, and as a rejuvenative, but its phytochemical profile is poorly validated. This study aims to establish the physicochemical standardization, identify key phytoconstituents, and evaluate in vitro aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Methods: Preliminary physicochemical and phytochemical screening was employed following total phenolic, flavonoid, alkaloid, and saponin contents using spectrophotometric methods. LC–MS/MS identified key bioactive constituents. Aldose reductase inhibitory activity was assessed spectrophotometrically in vitro. Results: Physicochemical parameters (total ash 24.89%, acid-insoluble ash 13.45%, alcohol-soluble extractive 25.33%, water-soluble extractive 54.08%, moisture 5.30%, pH 5.427) confirmed formulation authenticity. Phenolics and flavonoids were the dominant quantified phytomolecules. LC–MS identified sixteen compounds, with gallic acid (~2980 mg/kg), piperine (~422 mg/kg), and ellagic acid (~396 mg/kg). CPV exhibited concentration-dependent aldose reductase inhibition (IC₅₀ = 1.163 µg/mL), compared to quercetin (IC₅₀ = 0.620 µg/mL). Conclusion: CPV demonstrates physicochemical quality, a diverse phytochemical profile, and substantial aldose reductase inhibitory activity. These findings substantiate CPV traditional use and support its potential as a candidate for mitigating diabetes-associated microvascular complications, warranting further mechanistic and in vivo validation.