Jaba Tkemaladze
Background. Global food security remains critically challenged despite recent declines in hunger prevalence. According to the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World (SOFI) 2025 report, approximately 673 million people (8.2% of the global population) experienced hunger in 2024, representing a decrease from 8.5% in 2023 and 8.7% in 2022. However, progress remains highly uneven: while Southern Asia and Latin America have shown notable improvements, hunger continues to rise in Africa (307 million people, 20.2% of the continent’s population) and Western Asia . Objective. To present and substantiate a scalable, multidimensional framework for achieving food security by integrating technological innovations (vertical farming, precision agriculture, alternative proteins), circular economy principles, and prospective space-based agricultural systems as a long-term research horizon. Methods. Systematic literature review (n=147 peer-reviewed studies, 2000-2025) with meta-analysis of quantitative technology performance indicators incorporating 95% confidence intervals, I² heterogeneity statistics, and publication bias assessment (Egger’s test). Subgroup analysis accounted for heterogeneity across production systems and technological tiers. Context-dependent integration scenarios were modeled with 5/10/15-year roadmaps. Results. Meta-analysis of controlled environment agriculture (CEA) demonstrates significant variability: 70-90% water use reduction (95% CI: 65-96%) and 2-20x yield increases (95% CI: 1.8-20.4x), but 5-15x energy consumption increases (95% CI: 4.2-16.1x) compared to conventional field production. For vertical farms relying on non-renewable grids, global warming potential (GWP) may be 3-5x higher (95% CI: 2.8-5.3x) than field production. Precision agriculture technologies (PAT) provide 15-25% GHG emission reductions (I²=68%, 95% CI: 12-28%), 20-40% fertilizer efficiency improvement (95% CI: 18-43%), and 10-20% fuel savings (95% CI: 8-22%). Cultured meat potentially reduces land use by 86% (95% CI: 72-92%) and GHG emissions by 90% (95% CI: 75-95%), yet requires 18-25 GJ/1000 kg of electricity (95% CI: 16-30 GJ). Interpretation. The proposed multidimensional framework is technically feasible under context-dependent integration: PAT and social protection priorities for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), CEA scaling with renewable energy for developed countries, and vertical farming for urban agglomerations. Based on SOFI 2025 findings, countries that have combined targeted fiscal measures, robust social protection, and credible monetary policies have been better positioned to buffer the effects of food price inflation on vulnerable households. Space-based agriculture represents a long-term research horizon (2050+) for stimulating innovations in closed-loop ecosystems rather than a near-term practical solution.