Q. Liang, Y. Toda, P. Affatato, G. Kakizaki, H. Kaname, K. Suzuki, T. Kuramoto, M.-C. Ko, M. Policarpo, J. F. Cramer, A. Itoigawa, K. Furumitsu, K. R. Sadanandan, S. Kuraku, A. Yamaguchi, T. Hayakawa, G. Cockburn, V. Van Meir, R. K. Tisdale, S. Moritz, R. M. Carney, K. Hissmann, N. S. R. Ng, B. Reh, J. G. H. Lee, J.-B. Raina, P. Oteiza, N. Tsutsumi, A. Yamashita, Y. Ishimaru, H. Nishihara, M. W. Baldwin
Sweet taste guides animals to consume carbohydrate-rich foods, and many different vertebrate groups, from fish to mammals, rely on sugar-rich fruits or nectar produced by flowering plants (angiosperms). Although the genes encoding T1R2-T1R3, the receptor pair that mammals use to sense sugars, exist in the genomes of many vertebrates, their functions are unclear--and whether sugar sensing arose once early in vertebrate evolution or independently in different lineages after angiosperms evolved is currently unknown. Here, we combined ancestral reconstruction and receptor functional profiling to examine the evolutionary history of T1R taste receptors--including recently-described non-canonical receptors--across all major vertebrate clades. Our results pinpoint the origin of sugar sensing to before the emergence of angiosperms and uncover a myriad of alternative T1R-based sugar-sensing mechanisms, suggesting multiple independent T1R trajectories and revealing uncharted sensory diversity across vertebrates.