KIFC1 overexpression induces monopolar spindles by preventing centrosome separation during rapid cleavage divisions

Bipolar spindle assembly is essential for accurate chromosome segregation. KIFC1, a conserved Ran-regulated minus-end-directed kinesin-14 motor, accumulates in the nucleus during interphase and promotes chromatin-mediated spindle assembly during mitosis and meiosis. In human oocytes, reduced KIFC1 levels destabilize meiotic spindles, a defect that can be rescued by increasing KIFC1 expression. However, how KIFC1 expression levels affect mitotic spindle stability during cleavage divisions in vertebrates remains unclear. Here, we show that whereas an approximately 50% reduction in KIFC1 causes no detectable defects in spindle assembly, approximately 10-fold overexpression of KIFC1 induces monopolar spindle formation, leading to chromosome mis-segregation and embryonic lethality in medaka early embryos. KIFC1 overexpression results in ectopic centrosomal localization during interphase, impairing the separation of duplicated centrosomes before mitotic entry. Analyses of KIFC1 mutants demonstrated that these centrosome separation defects require KIFC1's microtubule-binding and motor activities and are further enhanced by deletion of KIFC1's nuclear localization sequences. Together, our findings demonstrate that tight regulation of KIFC1 expression and its nuclear sequestration is essential for the proper separation and positioning of duplicated centrosomes before mitotic entry, thereby ensuring efficient bipolar spindle assembly during the rapid cleavage divisions of vertebrate embryos.