Maximum trophic level predicts food webs' susceptibility to coextinctions

As ecosystems face a growing number of threats, coextinctions (resultant extinctions following a primary extinction) are expected to proliferate. However, less is known about the conditions under which coextinctions could outpace primary extinctions. Because coextinctions often occur through lost species interactions, we posit that aspects of food web structure and complexity can help predict differences in vulnerability to coextinction across ecosystems. To test this, we leverage Bayesian network models to assess the extent to which variation in ecosystem vulnerability to coextinction varies with food web structure. We find that food webs with high maximum trophic level are most vulnerable to coextinction, and that maximum trophic level is a better predictor than other aspects of food web structure, such as species richness or trophic connectance. Extending this approach, we also find that maximum trophic level uncovers the relative vulnerability of ecosystem services to species coextinction across 12 empirical food webs.