Estimation of the time course of excitatory and inhibitory conductance during oscillatory periods

Determining the amount of information a neuron receives per unit of time is key to understanding brain connectivity and how neural networks encode and transmit information. In particular, estimating this information flow by distinguishing between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contributions is critical to understanding neural network function, as maintaining the excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance regulates neuronal excitability and circuit stability, whereas its disruption can lead to a plethora of brain disorders, including neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. However, because synaptic conductances cannot be measured directly, inverse methods are required to infer them from the membrane potential --a readily measurable quantity. Although partial solutions have been proposed, accurately estimating these conductances remains a significant challenge due to the complexity and diversity of the inputs. This is particularly true in the spiking regime, where neurons actively fire. In this work, we introduce a novel computational strategy that combines two critical metrics extracted from the time course of the membrane potential recording: the amplitude of the spike and the interspike interval. By using these quantities, the proposed method enables the accurate separation of excitatory and inhibitory contributions, yielding highly favorable results in the spiking regime.