Apparent survival suggests the female-biased dispersal in a truly subterranean rodent, <i>Ellobius talpinus</i>

Abstract Adult sex ratios in mammals are usually female-biased, but the northern mole vole ( Ellobius talpinus ) (Pallas, 1770), a cooperatively breeding subterranean rodent, shows a persistent male bias that increases with age. Combining four years of capture-mark-recapture data with radiographic age estimation and genetic parentage data, we modeled apparent survival and state transitions (young-of-the-year, breeder, non-breeder) separately by sex. Young individuals showed significantly lower apparent survival than adults in both sexes, consistent with dispersal occurring predominantly in the first year of life. Within each age class, females showed consistently lower apparent survival than males, and this pattern held within breeding and non-breeding status groups alike, with female breeders showing lower apparent survival than male breeders. These results point to female-biased natal dispersal, an atypical pattern for mammals. We propose that faster turnover of reproductive females than males, in combination with singular breeding, favor female dispersal in search of vacant breeding positions, while promoting male philopatry and facultative polyandry.