In vitro investigation and evaluation of the antidiabetic potential of the ethanolic extract of Asparagus racemosus using starch digestion, glucose diffusion, glucose uptake, and DPPH assays

Asparagus racemosus commonly known as Shatamull, is a medicinal plant with pharmacological applications documented in both Indian and British Pharmacopoeias and various traditional medicinal practices. Previous studies have reported that A. racemosus reduces hyperglycemia by enhancing insulin secretion. The aim of the current study was to assess the antihyperglycemic actions and explore the underlying mechanisms of action of A. racemosus utilizing in vitro carbohydrate digestion, glucose diffusion, glucose uptake, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and preliminary phytochemical screening. The inhibition of carbohydrate digestion was assessed using -amylase and -glucosidase enzyme assays. The effect on glucose diffusion was evaluated using cellulose ester dialysis tube. Subsequently, glucose uptake was measured in a yeast cell model at different glucose concentrations, and the antioxidant potential was evaluated by measuring DPPH radical scavenging activity. A. racemosus notably reduced (p<0.05--0.001) glucose release during in vitro starch digestion by 21.11%, whereas glucose absorption decreased significantly by 22.75% (p<0.05--0.001). Additionally, the most significant enhancement (p<0.05--0.001) in glucose uptake by 65.03%, was observed at 5 mM glucose concentration. Furthermore, it showed significant antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH (p<0.05, 0.001) radicals by 42.46%. Preliminary phytoconstituent screening indicated the existence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids, glycosides and saponins. In conclusion, A. racemosus shows an inhibitory effect on carbohydrate digestion and absorption, enhances glucose uptake and demonstrates significant DPPH radical scavenging activity, potentially due to the presence of naturally occurring phytochemicals. Thus, A. racemosus may contribute as a promising antidiabetic drug for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. More investigations are needed to determine the active compounds in A. racemosus that contribute to its antidiabetic effects.