A genomic diversity atlas of North American frogs reveals geographic hotspots and coldspots of intraspecific variation

Genetic variation is a key component of population resilience and thus an essential tool for wildlife management. For most species, however, we lack information about their current range-wide genomic diversity and how historical and contemporary factors have shaped those patterns. To address these gaps, we built new georeferenced genomic datasets for 2,481 individuals from 46 frog species to develop a genomic diversity atlas representing 43% of species native to the United States and Canada. We identified geographic "hotspots" of high genomic diversity and "coldspots" of low genomic diversity across species and analyzed potential explanations for these patterns. Our results show that several species have their lowest diversity at northern latitudes, at range edges, or within fragmented populations, suggesting areas in need of careful monitoring. More than half (56.8%) of species exhibited a latitudinal gradient in genomic diversity, but we found little evidence for an association between genomic diversity and human disturbance. Furthermore, discordant latitudinal patterns among species suggest that a combination of factors, including range center-edge dynamics and range fragmentation, interact to produce variable diversity patterns. Our study provides a general framework for mapping range-wide genomic diversity of multiple species to support genetically informed biodiversity conservation.