The Impact of Lifestyle on Depression and Anxiety in Older Adults

Depression and anxiety are prevalent mental health issues in older adults, with various lifestyle habits serving as either protective factors or risk enhancers. This narrative review comprehensively examines the role of key lifestyle habits, including diet, physical activity, sleep, social engagement and relationships, cognitive engagement, and substance use, on mental health outcomes in older adults. The main findings indicate that positive habits, such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, quality sleep, strong social networks, mental stimulation, and limited substance use, are strongly associated with reduced risks of depression and anxiety. Conversely, poor diet, inactivity, sleep disturbances, social isolation, cognitive decline, and substance abuse significantly contribute to the onset and progression of these disorders. Ultimately, this review highlights the critical importance of holistic lifestyle modifications in preventing and managing depression and anxiety within older adult populations.