Prospects of Agrivoltaics as a Sustainable Mitigation Solution to the Nomadic Cattle Rearing Crisis in Nigeria: A Review

The ongoing conflict between herdsmen and farmers across different regions in Nigeria over scarce natural resources continues to generate disputes that threaten the lives and property of citizens. The impact of this crisis is now escalating to a level that significantly endangers the country's socio-economic development and overall security. It is essential to explore technological solutions that can sustain both herdsmen and farmers in their respective activities while making the best use of limited land resources. This study investigates the potential of agrivoltaics as a strategy to address Nigeria's nomadic cattle rearing challenges. A review of existing literature was conducted on the severity and implications of the nomadic cattle rearing crisis, along with the possibilities of applying agrivoltaic technology to cattle grazing systems. The technology involves a series of rack systems and photovoltaic panels installed based on the geographic coordinates and local climate conditions. The panels provide shade over grazing land, serving dual purposes: protecting livestock from heat stress caused by direct sun exposure and generating electrical energy for use on the same land. With optimal environmental conditions, structural compatibility, efficient photovoltaic configurations, and collaborative research, agrivoltaics emerges as a promising innovative technology capable of effectively addressing the issues associated with nomadic cattle rearing in Nigeria. This approach aligns with global efforts to produce clean, eco-friendly energy and to maximize the utilization of limited agricultural land to meet the rising food demands of the growing population. Additionally, agrivoltaics is compatible with both Industry 4.0 and 5.0, as it allows the integration of smart sensing and automatic systems for real-time monitoring of cattle behaviour, facilitating more effective rearing practices. Recommendations for sustainable agrivoltaic practices in Nigeria are also outlined.