Assessment of Household Electricity Consumption and Appliance Energy Demand in Maiduguri, Nigeria

Rapid urbanization, population growth, and increased ownership of electrical appliances have contributed to rising residential electricity demand in many developing countries, including Nigeria. This study assessed household electricity consumption patterns and appliance-specific energy demand in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria, with the aim of identifying the major drivers of residential electricity use. Data were collected from fifty (50) households in the 202 Housing Estate through household surveys and direct observation of electrical appliances. A total of 2,876 electrical appliances with a combined connected load of 479,535 W were recorded across the surveyed households. The estimated total household electricity demand was 1,750.92 kWh/day, corresponding to 52,527.60 kWh/month, while the average household electricity demand was 35.02 kWh/day or 1,050.55 kWh/month. Refrigerators constituted the largest share of electricity demand, consuming 258.00 kWh/day (14.74%), followed by air conditioners with 160.00 kWh/day (9.14%) and ceiling fans with 144.00 kWh/day (8.22%). Cooking-related appliances, including electric cookers, stoves, and toasters, also accounted for a substantial proportion of total electricity consumption. The results indicate that refrigeration, cooling, and cooking appliances are the major drivers of residential electricity demand in the study area. The study provides valuable insights into household electricity consumption patterns and highlights the need for the adoption of energy-efficient appliances, consumer awareness programmes, and demand-side management strategies to promote sustainable energy utilization. The findings will assist policymakers, electricity distribution companies, and energy planners in developing effective residential energy management and conservation policies.