Ink-based disposable electrodes: Versatile analytical platforms for point-of-need applications

Ink-based disposable electrodes are emerging as promising technologies in analytical chemistry, driven by the increasing demand for on-site analysis in medical, food, and environmental sectors. Their widespread adoption is attributed to their low cost and easy fabrication. Additionally, such devices can provide fast and reliable results, making them valuable analytical tools for unprivileged communities and remote areas. This review focuses specifically on the fabrication of disposable electrodes using ink-based techniques, including stencil/screen printing and inkjet printing. It begins with an overview of ink formulation, highlighting the role of raw materials and the importance of their control in electrode fabrication processing. Subsequently, the principles, advantages, and limitations of each printing technique are discussed, demonstrating the potential and versatility of the resulting sensors in diverse analytical applications. Therefore, this work provides comprehensive insights into the fabrication of ink-based electrodes, aiming not only to consolidate the state of the art but also to encourage new approaches and technological advances in the development of accessible, versatile, and effective electrochemical sensors.