Divyajanani S, Harithpriya K, Ganesan K, Ramkumar KM. Dietary polyphenols remodel DNA methylation patterns of NRF2 in chronic disease. Nutrients. 2023;15:3347. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153347 2.Qi J, Pan Z, Wang X, Zhang N, He G, Jiang X. Research advances of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. polyphenols in inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1305886. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1305886 3.Chong Y, Kim BG, Park YJ, Yang Y, Lee SW, Lee Y,et al. Production of four flavonoid C-glucosides in Escherichia coli. J Agric Food Chem. 2023;71:5302-5313. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00297 4.Vajdi M, Karimi A, Hassanizadeh S, Farhangi MA, Bagherniya M, Askari G, et al. Effect of polyphenols against complications of COVID-19: current evidence and potential efficacy. Pharmacol Rep. 2024;76:307-327. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-024-00585-6 5.Liu W, Cui X, Zhong Y. Phenolic metabolites as therapeutic in inflammation and neoplasms: molecular pathways explaining their efficacy. Pharmacol Res. 2023;193:106812. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106812 6.Otręba M, Kośmider L, Stojko J, Rzepecka-Stojko A. Cardioprotective activity of selected polyphenols based on epithelial and aortic cell lines: a review. Molecules. 2020;25:5343. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225343 7.Dias MC, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS. Plant flavonoids: chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules. 2021;26:5377. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175377 8.Medini F, Ksouri R, Msaada K, Legault J. Phenolic compounds from Limonium densiflorum: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-influenza activities. Int J Environ Health Res. 2025;35:94-104. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2024.2342572 9.Rathod NB, Elabed N, Punia S, Ozogul F, Kim S-K, et al. Recent developments in polyphenol applications on human health: a review. Plants. 2023;12:1217. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061217 10.Moar K, Yadav S, Pant A, et al. Anti-tumor effects of polyphenols via targeting cancer-driving signaling pathways: a review. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2024;39:470-488. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-024-01222-y 11.Serreli G, Deiana M. Role of dietary polyphenols in the activity and expression of nitric oxide synthases: a review. Antioxidants. 2023;12:147. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010147 12.Kumar K, Debnath P, Singh S, Kumar N. An overview of plant phenolics and their involvement in abiotic stress tolerance. Stresses. 2023;3:570-585. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3030040 13.Zhou Z, Duan Y, Li Y, Zhang P, Li Q, Yu L, et al. CYP98A monooxygenases: a key enzyme family in plant phenolic compound biosynthesis. Hortic Res. 2025;12:uhaf074. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhaf074 14.Chen S, Wang X, Cheng Y, Gao H, Chen X. A review of classification, biosynthesis, biological activities, and applications of flavonoids. Molecules. 2023;28:4982. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134982 15.Han S, Cai H, Yu H. UV-C regulation of phenolic biosynthesis in peach fruit during storage. LWT. 2023;190:115573. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115573 16.Wang S, Xu Y, Wang F. Postharvest changes in phenolic and volatile compounds in grapes. Food Chem. 2025;465:141958. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141958 17.Molnar M, Jakovljević Kovač M, Pavić V. Diversity, structure, biosynthesis, and extraction of tannins using deep eutectic solvents. Molecules. 2024;29:2615. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112615 18.Sharma P, Dhiman T, Negi RS. Molecular mechanisms of skin photoaging and therapeutic advances using polyphenols. S Afr J Bot. 2024;166:466-482. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.01.035 19.Chrostowski PC, Dietrich AM, Suffet IH. Ozone and oxygen induced oxidative coupling of aqueous phenolics. Water Res. 1983;17:1627-1633. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(83)90021-0 20.Spyroudis S. Hydroxyquinones: synthesis and reactivity. Molecules. 2000;5:1291-1330. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/51201291 21.Alcalde B, Granados M, Saurina J. Exploring the antioxidant features of polyphenols by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Antioxidants. 2019;8:523-532. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110523 22.Bas TG. Dietary polyphenols (flavonoids) derived from plants for therapeutic health: antioxidant performance, ROS, molecular mechanisms, and bioavailability limitations. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:1404. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031404 23.Rudrapal M, De Oliveira AM, Singh RP. Dietary polyphenols maintain human health through modulation of gut microbiota. Front Pharmacol. 2026;16:1710088. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1710088 24.Strom
Plant polyphenols are ubiquitous secondary metabolites in plants whose antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cardioprotective activities have been systematically elucidated. They exert their physiological functions by scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species, precisely regulating inflammatory mediators, and inhibiting pathogenic proliferation, exhibiting tremendous application potential in functional foods, biomedicine, and natural cosmetics. However, the inherent chemical instability of polyphenols leads to severe structural degradation and bioactivity loss during extraction, processing, and storage. This manifests not only as detectable content reduction but also as significant "hidden bioactivity loss" without apparent content changes, which has emerged as the core bottleneck restricting their industrial translation. Most existing reviews are limited to single-stage optimizations, and a systematic regulatory framework spanning the entire process of biosynthesis, extraction, and processing has not yet been established. In this narrative critical review, we construct an integrated system for polyphenol content enhancement and stability regulation across the entire value chain from biosynthesis to extraction and processing. We critically elaborate on stress-mediated biosynthetic mechanisms, extraction loss control strategies, and processing stabilization technologies, with the ultimate goal of improving their resource utilization efficiency and advancing the industrial innovation and application of plant polyphenols.
Divyajanani S, Harithpriya K, Ganesan K, Ramkumar KM. Dietary polyphenols remodel DNA methylation patterns of NRF2 in chronic disease. Nutrients. 2023;15:3347. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153347 2.Qi J, Pan Z, Wang X, Zhang N, He G, Jiang X. Research advances of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. polyphenols in inflammatory diseases. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1305886. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1305886 3.Chong Y, Kim BG, Park YJ, Yang Y, Lee SW, Lee Y,et al. Production of four flavonoid C-glucosides in Escherichia coli. J Agric Food Chem. 2023;71:5302-5313. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00297 4.Vajdi M, Karimi A, Hassanizadeh S, Farhangi MA, Bagherniya M, Askari G, et al. Effect of polyphenols against complications of COVID-19: current evidence and potential efficacy. Pharmacol Rep. 2024;76:307-327. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-024-00585-6 5.Liu W, Cui X, Zhong Y. Phenolic metabolites as therapeutic in inflammation and neoplasms: molecular pathways explaining their efficacy. Pharmacol Res. 2023;193:106812. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106812 6.Otręba M, Kośmider L, Stojko J, Rzepecka-Stojko A. Cardioprotective activity of selected polyphenols based on epithelial and aortic cell lines: a review. Molecules. 2020;25:5343. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225343 7.Dias MC, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS. Plant flavonoids: chemical characteristics and biological activity. Molecules. 2021;26:5377. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175377 8.Medini F, Ksouri R, Msaada K, Legault J. Phenolic compounds from Limonium densiflorum: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-influenza activities. Int J Environ Health Res. 2025;35:94-104. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2024.2342572 9.Rathod NB, Elabed N, Punia S, Ozogul F, Kim S-K, et al. Recent developments in polyphenol applications on human health: a review. Plants. 2023;12:1217. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061217 10.Moar K, Yadav S, Pant A, et al. Anti-tumor effects of polyphenols via targeting cancer-driving signaling pathways: a review. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2024;39:470-488. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12291-024-01222-y 11.Serreli G, Deiana M. Role of dietary polyphenols in the activity and expression of nitric oxide synthases: a review. Antioxidants. 2023;12:147. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12010147 12.Kumar K, Debnath P, Singh S, Kumar N. An overview of plant phenolics and their involvement in abiotic stress tolerance. Stresses. 2023;3:570-585. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses3030040 13.Zhou Z, Duan Y, Li Y, Zhang P, Li Q, Yu L, et al. CYP98A monooxygenases: a key enzyme family in plant phenolic compound biosynthesis. Hortic Res. 2025;12:uhaf074. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhaf074 14.Chen S, Wang X, Cheng Y, Gao H, Chen X. A review of classification, biosynthesis, biological activities, and applications of flavonoids. Molecules. 2023;28:4982. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28134982 15.Han S, Cai H, Yu H. UV-C regulation of phenolic biosynthesis in peach fruit during storage. LWT. 2023;190:115573. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2023.115573 16.Wang S, Xu Y, Wang F. Postharvest changes in phenolic and volatile compounds in grapes. Food Chem. 2025;465:141958. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141958 17.Molnar M, Jakovljević Kovač M, Pavić V. Diversity, structure, biosynthesis, and extraction of tannins using deep eutectic solvents. Molecules. 2024;29:2615. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112615 18.Sharma P, Dhiman T, Negi RS. Molecular mechanisms of skin photoaging and therapeutic advances using polyphenols. S Afr J Bot. 2024;166:466-482. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.01.035 19.Chrostowski PC, Dietrich AM, Suffet IH. Ozone and oxygen induced oxidative coupling of aqueous phenolics. Water Res. 1983;17:1627-1633. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(83)90021-0 20.Spyroudis S. Hydroxyquinones: synthesis and reactivity. Molecules. 2000;5:1291-1330. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/51201291 21.Alcalde B, Granados M, Saurina J. Exploring the antioxidant features of polyphenols by spectroscopic and electrochemical methods. Antioxidants. 2019;8:523-532. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8110523 22.Bas TG. Dietary polyphenols (flavonoids) derived from plants for therapeutic health: antioxidant performance, ROS, molecular mechanisms, and bioavailability limitations. Int J Mol Sci. 2026;27:1404. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031404 23.Rudrapal M, De Oliveira AM, Singh RP. Dietary polyphenols maintain human health through modulation of gut microbiota. Front Pharmacol. 2026;16:1710088. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1710088 24.Strom — 科研速览 Science Skim