Psychological Well-being among People in Prison in Albania: The Role of Imprisonment Duration

Psychological well-being is an important indicator of successful adaptation and rehabilitation among people in prison. However, empirical evidence from Albania remains limited. This study examined the relationship between imprisonment duration and psychological well-being among incarcerated individuals in Albania. A quantitative cross-sectional correlational design was employed. The study included 138 adult male participants from Reç Correctional Institution. Psychological well-being was assessed using Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale (42 items). The instrument demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .986). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlation, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings revealed a strong negative correlation between imprisonment duration and psychological well-being (r = −.819, p < .001). Individuals serving longer custodial sentences reported significantly lower levels of psychological well-being than those imprisoned for shorter periods. Significant differences were also observed between imprisonment duration groups. Participants incarcerated for more than five years were substantially more likely to report impaired or negative psychological well-being than those serving shorter sentences. The findings suggest that prolonged imprisonment is associated with reduced positive psychological functioning across multiple domains, including autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life, self-acceptance, and positive relationships. The study extends the limited literature on prison psychology in Albania and provides empirical evidence supporting the importance of integrating psychological well-being into correctional rehabilitation. The results highlight the need for continuous psychological assessment, evidence-based mental health interventions, and rehabilitation programmes tailored to individuals serving long-term custodial sentences. Future longitudinal studies involving multiple correctional institutions are recommended to further investigate the determinants of psychological well-being among people in prison.