Alharbi Hajar Hameed
The development of sustainable, multifunctional food packaging materials has enhanced a pressing concern as traditional plastics persist in causing global environmental pollution. Carbon-based nanomaterials, especially carbon dots (CDs), present exciting possibilities due to their compatibility with living organisms, fluorescent capabilities, and ability to improve material performance. This review involved the integration of green-synthesized carbon nanomaterials into a gelatin-chitosan matrix derived from discarded fish scales to produce a multifunctional bio-nanocomposite film (Gelatin/Chitosan/CDs). The films displayed outstanding antioxidant, antibacterial, UV-blocking, pH-responsive, and fluorescent properties. Different concentration of carbon nanomaterials was assessed to observe their effect on physical, structural, mechanical, and functional attributes of the packaging film. The optimal formulation, which contained 20% CNMs, showed significant enhancements in antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, improved UV protection, and better preservation of meat by minimizing nutrient loss and prolonging shelf life. Additionally, the intense blue fluorescence emitted by the carbon nanomaterials facilitated anti-counterfeiting and smart packaging capabilities. This Review also emphasizes the vast potential of carbon nanomaterials including graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers in enhancing barrier properties, mechanical strength, and sensory functions in food packaging. Despite the considerable advantages provided by the incorporation of CNMs. Challenges remain concerning toxicity, migration behavior, long-term safety, and large-scale industrial application. In summary, the results highlight the potential of carbon nanomaterials as sustainable, high-performance elements for the next generation of active and intelligent food packaging solutions.