Nguyen Minh Giam
The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) is profoundly transforming how higher education operates. Based on a synthesis of reputable studies from the 2019–2026 period, this article examines the role of AI across two main dimensions: in the classroom (micro) and at the management level (macro). From a teaching perspective, AI is increasingly acting as a cognitive assistant for both educators and students. It helps personalize learning, supports the design of individualized learning paths, and makes testing and assessment faster and more efficient. As a result, the learner-centered educational model is significantly promoted, replacing the traditional one-size-fits-all approach. From a management perspective, AI opens up the possibility of restructuring the entire operation of educational institutions. Decisions can be based on continuously updated data, thereby driving towards the smart university model. Curricula are no longer rigid but can be regularly adjusted to meet practical needs. However, the impact of AI is not solely positive. Notable risks still exist, such as algorithmic bias, privacy issues, and the danger of diminishing students' academic autonomy if they rely too heavily on technology. Therefore, it is crucial for educational institutions to clearly define the limits of AI assistance and the boundaries it must not exceed. Simultaneously, applying the Ethics by Design approach is essential to ensure that technology is used safely and responsibly. By doing so, AI will truly become a tool that fosters critical thinking and upholds humanistic values in higher education.