Determinants of Successful Aging: A Systematic Literature Review of Physical, Psychological, Social, and Spiritual Dimensions of Well-Being in Older Adults

Global population aging is accelerating rapidly, posing significant public health challenges. As life expectancy increases, the concept of successful aging has become central in gerontology and public health research. Successful aging refers to maintaining physical health, psychological well-being, and social engagement in later life. This study aims to synthesize evidence regarding determinants influencing successful aging among older adults. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 1985 and 2026 using keywords related to successful aging and elderly well-being. Studies examining determinants of well-being among adults aged ≥60 years were included. A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using narrative synthesis. Results: The review identified several key determinants of successful aging including physical activity, psychological resilience, social support, environmental quality, socioeconomic status, and spiritual well-being. Physical activity and social engagement were the most consistently reported predictors of improved well-being among older adults. Psychological resources such as self-esteem, resilience, and mindfulness were also associated with reduced depressive symptoms and increased life satisfaction. Spiritual well-being contributed to emotional stability and coping with aging-related challenges. Conclusion : Successful aging is a multidimensional process shaped by biological, psychological, social, and spiritual factors. Public health policies should promote integrated strategies supporting active lifestyles, social participation, and supportive environments for aging populations