An Environmental Solution to Sand Overexploitation: Statistical Optimization of Quarry Sand in Concrete Production

This study aims to assess the use of quarry sand (QS) as a substitute for natural sand (NS) in concrete production, with a focus on sustainability impacts arising from NS overexploitation. It also aims to determine the optimal substitution levels of QS from local industries around Nagpur, India, which were tested per Indian standards. The study examines the mechanical performance of concrete in terms of strength and durability, using QS as a replacement for NS at replacement proportions up to 60% in 15% increments. This research demonstrates the possibility of replacing NS with QS up to 45% in concrete without losing its mechanical and durability properties, turning concrete into a more sustainable product with fewer harmful effects on the environment. The importance of finding solutions to mitigate the negative impacts of sand scarcity, such as the destruction of natural ecosystems and illegal sand extraction, was another crucial outcome of the study. This study builds on prior studies by aiming to clarify the use of QS without any accompanying cementitious materials added to the mix. The study uses Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to determine the optimal values of the input factors for the mixtures. Results from regression analysis showed R² values of 0.9374 for compressive strength and 0.9813 for workability, which reflect the credibility of the model. Optimization carried out throughout the process yielded 0.9289, indicating a moderate desirability level.