Prevalence and risk factors of ectoparasitic infestations in dogs with first molecular characterization of Hippobosca longipennis in Cairo, Egypt.

Ectoparasites are important vectors of infectious diseases for both humans and animals. This study aims to assess the prevalence and impact of ectoparasite infestations in stray and owned dogs in various localities in Cairo, Egypt, during the period from February 2024 to January 2025. A total of 200 dogs (100 owned dogs and 100 strays) of various ages were examined. Ectoparasites were collected and analyzed parasitologically, with molecular characterization of Hippobosca spp. via COX1 gene sequencing for the first time in Egypt, aiming to achieve specific identification. Ectoparasite infestation was observed in 72% (144/200) of dogs, with a higher rate (98%) in stray dogs compared to owned ones (46%). Ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato) were the most prevalent, followed by fleas (Ctenocephalides canis and C. felis). Mites (Sarcoptes scabiei, Demodex canis, and Otodectes cynotis) and Hippobosca longipennis were detected at lower rates. Age, sex, and season were significant risk factors for infestation (p < 0.001). This study highlights the role of dogs as hosts of ectoparasites that may transmit zoonotic pathogens, emphasizing the need for integrated control strategies to protect animal health, safeguard public health, and support effective veterinary care.