David Ikechukwu Odili, Margaret Nkem Ebiye, Timothy Onoriode Henslop
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are conditions arising from atypical brain development that affect cognition, behaviour, communication, motor function, and social participation. This review examined the aetiology, prevalence, awareness, challenges, and future directions of NDDs in Nigeria. Evidence indicates a substantial but underestimated burden, with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, cerebral palsy, and intellectual disability frequently reported. Major risk factors include birth asphyxia, neonatal jaundice, infections, prematurity, environmental exposures, and socioeconomic disadvantage. Awareness remains limited, while stigma, cultural misconceptions, diagnostic delays, financial barriers, and specialist shortages hinder effective care. Strengthening developmental screening, professional training, public awareness, culturally appropriate diagnostic tools, inclusive education, and integration of NDD services into primary healthcare is essential for improving early detection, intervention, and long-term outcomes.