Reducing the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder related to intensive care: a narrative review

BACKGROUND: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common challenge for ICU survivors, with approximately 20-25% developing PTSD within a year of discharge due to factors like medical procedures, isolation, and sensory overload. OBJECTIVE: This review investigates risk factors and interventions to address PTSD in ICU patients. METHODS: A narrative literature review was conducted using databases such as Medline, Cinahl, Embase, PsycInfo, and grey literature, focusing on studies in English or Italian published in the last decade. A total of 20 articles examining PTSD risk factors and prevention strategies in ICU patients were included. RESULTS: Key risk factors identified include younger age, male gender, illness severity, mechanical ventilation, delirium, pre-existing psychiatric conditions, and prolonged sedation. Screening tools like the Impact of Event Scale Revised (IES-R) and PTSD Checklist are critical for early detection. Preventive measures, such as ICU diaries, sensory stimulation, psychoeducation, and follow-up care, are effective in reducing PTSD symptoms. ICU diaries have been highlighted as particularly beneficial for helping patients process their ICU experiences. CONCLUSIONS: ICU patients face psychological stressors that contribute to PTSD development. Recognizing modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors is essential for targeted prevention strategies. Nurses play a vital role in early identification and intervention, significantly reducing PTSD risks. Proactive care, including psychological support and ICU diaries, is vital for improving patient recovery and minimizing PTSD prevalence among ICU survivors.