Coracoid process morphometry in Asians: a systematic review of computed tomography-based studies.

BACKGROUND: Accurately measuring the coracoid process is essential to coracoid transfer procedures. This systematic review synthesizes computed tomography (CT)-based studies of coracoid morphometry in Asians, summarises measurement parameters, and establishes pooled-mean dimensional estimates. METHODS: CT-based studies reporting coracoid morphometry in Asians were identified. Pooled estimates were calculated from study-level sample sizes, means, and standard deviations using a combined-group variance approach. Study quality was assessed using the Anatomical Quality Assurance checklist. RESULTS: Fourteen studies comprising 1,581 coracoid processes were included. The pooled mean age was 46.38±14.62 years (9 studies). The pooled mean measurements were: total coracoid length 39.82±3.17 mm (5 studies); tip to flexion point distance 23.31±3.50 mm (3 studies); tip to coracoclavicular ligament distance 22.66±2.99 mm (2 studies); thickness halfway between the tip and base 11.28±1.39 mm (3 studies); and thickness 1 cm from the tip 10.03±0.95 mm (3 studies). In females, the pooled mean measurements were total length 38.79±3.95 mm (5 studies); tip to flexion point distance 19.98±1.91 mm (2 studies); thickness halfway between the tip and base 10.58±1.08 mm (3 studies); and thickness 1 cm from the tip 9.52±0.83 mm (2 studies). CONCLUSIONS: Although heterogeneity in anatomical definitions limits cross-study comparability, pooled coracoid dimensions in Asian females suggest that they approach previously proposed fracture-risk thresholds. Well-designed studies using standardised morphometric definitions and measurement protocols are needed to further evaluate this finding.