Exposure to Emerging Contaminants and Health Effects: A Stealthy Health Challenge

Emerging contaminants have become a major global environmental and health challenge in the 21st century. Based on their core characteristics, they are systematically categorized into four major classes including microplastics, persistent organic pollutants, endocrine disrupting chemicals, antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals and personal care products. This article provides a detailed information on the classification, characteristics, and sources of these pollutants, highlighting their significant cross-cutting nature. It discusses the multi-pathway exposure modes through which they transfer to humans via environmental media and food chains as well as maternal-fetal transfer. Furthermore, it delves into the multiple health threats posed by long-term, low-dose exposure, including impacts on the endocrine, reproductive, developmental, and immune systems, as well as threats arising from the induction of antibiotic resistance. Finally, the article proposes strategies for building a comprehensive “source prevention-process control-end-of-pipe treatment-personal action” management framework from multiple dimensions, including global governance, green innovation, precise monitoring, and personal protection. The results enhance public awareness and provide a scientific perspective and actionable guidance for addressing this stealthy threat. This work serves as an accessible introduction and invaluable resource from a science popularization perspective for individuals at a pivotal stage in their academic or research careers, including senior-year undergraduates, new graduate students, and early-career professionals in connected fields.