Seasonal dynamics and prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in sheep of Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.

UNLABELLED: Gastrointestinal (GI) helminths are a major constraint on sheep productivity in Jammu and Kashmir, India. This study assessed the prevalence and seasonal dynamics of GI helminths in sheep from the Poonch district between April 2021 and March 2022. A total of 224 gastrointestinal tracts were examined, and helminths were identified using standard parasitological techniques. Overall, 64.3% of sheep were infected, with nematodes being the most dominant group. Haemonchus contortus showed the highest prevalence (48.2%), followed by Trichuris ovis (35.7%) and the cestode Moniezia expansa (28.5%). Trematodes such as Paramphistomum cervi (15.9%) and Dicrocoelium dendriticum (12.3%) were also recorded, along with the nematode Bunostomum trigonocephalum (9.4%). Mixed infections were frequent (83.3%), most commonly involving H. contortus, M. expansa, and T. ovis. Prevalence was significantly higher in summer (87.5%) and lowest in winter (44.6%), reflecting the influence of climatic factors on transmission dynamics. No significant difference was observed between males and females. These findings demonstrate a substantial burden of GI helminths in sheep of Poonch district, with clear seasonal patterns that can inform targeted control strategies. Such interventions are essential for improving small ruminant health, productivity, and rural livelihoods in the region. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-025-01892-2.