Ice-nucleating particle depletion in the wintertime boundary layer in the pre-Alpine region during stratus cloud conditions

Abstract. This study evaluates the regional variability of the number concentration of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) between the two pre-Alpine central-European sites of Eriswil, Switzerland, and Hohenpeißenberg, Germany, supported by INP measurements from Melpitz, Germany, during the winter months of 2024. The aim of the study is to spatially and temporally evaluate INP availability and removal within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) during Bise situations because reasons for the lack of ice and precipitation in the supercooled clouds observed over the Swiss Plateau remain unclear and may be caused by the lack of INPs. Target scenario of the study were situations when northeasterly winds (so-called Bise winds) prevailed and layers of stratus clouds formed at the top of the PBL at temperatures down to −10 °C. In these situations, it is expected that INPs are depleted along the transport path. The main insights from INP measurements were: first, during the cold-Bise (cloud minimum temperatures as low as −10 °C) and warm-Bise (cloud minimum temperatures above 0 °C), almost no INP contrast was found between Hohenpeißenberg and Eriswil if both were within the PBL. Also, the INP concentration was overall found to be much lower during the cold-Bise than during the later warm-Bise situation. Second, when the Hohenpeißenberg site was located in the free troposphere during the cold-Bise situation, INP concentrations were much higher compared to Eriswil (still within the PBL) but similar to cloud-free Melpitz. These observations led to the conclusion that during cold-Bise situations the INP reservoir within the PBL is depleted, likely by the presence of supercooled stratus. The inversion-capped wintertime PBL, especially during periods of widespread snow cover, is apparently not capable to replenish the INP reservoir from the free troposphere.