Solid-phase microextraction as a green sample preparation strategy for volatile organic compound profiling in coffee: a review with AGREEprep-based evaluation

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a solvent-free sample preparation technique increasingly applied in coffee analysis. This review examines recent studies (2020–2025) on SPME for volatile organic compound profiling in coffee. Coupled with GC-MS and chemometrics, SPME supports aroma characterization, authenticity evaluation, and sample classification. AGREEprep scores (0.29–0.73) suggest moderate greenness, highlighting SPME as a promising strategy with potential for greener and more sustainable coffee analysis.