Shuyu Sun, Jingrui Deng, Jingyi Li, Guixue Song, Siyuan Ye, Qigui Niu
The intensive development of large-scale livestock and aquaculture industries has underpinned global food security. However, the extensive use of veterinary drugs, feed additives, and other related inputs driven by this industrial expansion has led to the continuous accumulation of new contaminants (NCs) in farming waste, such as antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), and micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs). These pollutants undergo multi-media migration, transformation, and food chain transmission, posing potential threats to ecosystems and human health. This review systematically summarizes the sources and occurrence characteristics of NCs in different types of farming waste, with a focus on their environmental fate and multi-media transport behavior. It further elaborates on the ecological risks arising from the bioaccumulation of these contaminants. Additionally, the removal efficiencies of physical, chemical, biological, and combined control technologies for NCs are evaluated. Emphasis is placed on the importance of analyzing composite pollution mechanisms, establishing precise risk modeling, and implementing integrated full chain strategies encompassing 'source substitution-process interception-end treatment'. Future research should prioritize the mechanistic understanding of combined pollution, accurate risk assessment, and intelligent management to provide a scientific basis for promoting the green transformation of aquaculture and safeguarding watershed environmental health.