150 years of the Apolinář maternity hospital in Prague - the history of one of the longest-running maternity hospitals in the world.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review study is to commemorate the 150-year history of Hlávka's Maternity Hospital in Prague, to analyze its historical development, and to highlight the contributions of key individuals who played a major role in the advancement of Czech obstetrics, gynecology, neonatology, and perinatology. STUDY DESIGN: A narrative review based on the analysis of published primary sources, memoirs of prominent physicians, and available secondary literature. METHODS AND RESULTS: Numerous studies have addressed various aspects of the history of the Apolinář Maternity Hospital, ranging from the early development of obstetric care in Prague through construction of the original Provincial Maternity Hospital and its subsequent evolution during the Habsburg Monarchy, the First Czechoslovak Republic, the Protectorate period, Communist Czechoslovakia, and the contemporary Czech Republic. However, apart from the extensive monograph authored by the present authors, a comprehensive synthetic study of this kind has been lacking. The present article summarizes the principal historical stages in the development of the institution and places them within a broader medical, academic, and social context. Particular attention is devoted to the physicians and scholars whose work significantly influenced the development of Czech obstetrics and gynecology. CONCLUSION: Hlávka's Maternity Hospital at Apolinář in Prague represents a unique healthcare, scientific, and educational institution. It ranks among the world's longest continuously operating maternity hospitals, and its significance extends far beyond the boundaries of Czech obstetrics and gynecology. For 150 years, it has maintained continuity in clinical care, medical education, and scientific advancement despite profound political and social changes, including the periods of Nazi occupation and Communist rule.