Proactive strategies for doctoral students to enhance their well-being

Well-being is a critical concern in doctoral studies, yet the systematic understanding of proactive strategies for students remains limited. This systematic literature review identifies and synthesises research-based recommendations for doctoral students to actively maintain and enhance their well-being. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses framework, we analysed 59 peer-reviewed empirical articles published in 2014–2024 from major academic databases. The analysis revealed four key domains of proactive behaviours: reflect (engaging in self-analysis and understanding psychological dynamics), routinise (establishing consistent, humane work patterns), reveal (expressing experiences and challenges to others) and relate (building supportive relationships). While these domains are categorised into individual (reflect and routinise) and social (reveal and relate) spheres, they also suggest interconnectedness. This study provides a structured framework for understanding how doctoral students can actively manage their well-being while acknowledging that systemic barriers may impact strategy implementation. This review was limited by its reliance on predominantly cross-sectional designs and geographic bias. Nevertheless, it provides valuable insight for developing more holistic approaches to supporting doctoral students’ well-being.