Poultry consumption, preparation methods for animal-based foods, and urinary bisphenol concentrations in Korean adults.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine associations between preparation methods for animal-based foods and urinary concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) in Korean adults. METHODS: We analysed data from 4,201 adults who participated in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2018-2020). Urinary BPA, BPF, and BPS concentrations were measured and standardised for urinary dilution using the covariate-adjusted standardisation method. Preparation methods were categorised as rarely consumed, raw, grilled/roasted, boiled/steamed, or fried/stir-fried. Survey-weighted logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for high exposure, defined as concentrations at or above the 75th percentile, stratified by sex. RESULTS: Among men, poultry consumption was associated with higher odds of elevated BPA across grilled/roasted (OR, 2.51; 95% CI: 1.28-4.92), boiled/steamed (OR, 2.62; 95% CI: 1.58-4.36), and fried/stir-fried preparations (OR, 2.22; 95% CI: 1.32-3.75). Pork consumption showed inverse associations with BPA. Among women, fried/stir-fried poultry was associated with higher BPF concentrations (OR, 1.85; 95% CI: 1.09-3.12). Sensitivity analyses supported the main findings, particularly the poultry-related associations with BPA among men and BPF among women. CONCLUSION: Preparation patterns for animal-based foods were associated with urinary bisphenol concentrations in Korean adults. Poultry-related associations were observed for BPA among men and BPF among women; however, the cross-sectional design and the lack of direct information on food sources, processing, and packaging preclude causal or packaging-specific interpretations.