Sociodemographic differences in glaucoma awareness and knowledge among the general population of Nepal: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Glaucoma contributes significantly to vision impairment worldwide and ranks as Nepal's third most preventable cause. Early detection of glaucoma remains crucial to halting its progression and preventing vision loss. This study assessed awareness of glaucoma among Nepalese adults. DESIGN AND METHODS: The population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between May 2017 and March 2018 using multistage stratified random sampling. A total of 5,000 household heads from 100 clusters across 15 randomly selected districts in Nepal were interviewed. The operational definition of 'awareness' included having heard of glaucoma, while having 'knowledge' comprised understanding its causes, symptoms, and treatment. Descriptive and bivariable analysis using chi-square test were used to assess associations. RESULTS: Among the 4,993 respondents, 3904 (78.2%) had heard of at least one eye disease, but only 738 (18.9%) were aware of glaucoma, highlighting a substantial knowledge gap. Among those aware, 67.6% did not know its cause, and 48.4% were unaware of treatment options. Difference in glaucoma awareness was observed across sociodemographic characteristics such as ethnicity, religion, education, and occupation (p < 0.05). Disadvantaged Janajatis (27.0%) and individuals with secondary or higher education (27.9%) had higher awareness, whereas Dalits (6.1%), housewives (9.6%), and wage laborers (9.9%) had the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: To minimize blindness caused by glaucoma in Nepal, targeted, community-based education should focus on high-risk groups such as Dalits, housewives, and daily wage laborers. Integrating glaucoma awareness and screening within primary healthcare systems, using local media, and engaging community health workers can enhance outreach and reduce cultural barriers.