Innate Immune Profile in Diabetes Mellitus Rat Treated with Acalypha Indica Extract: Focus on TLR-2, TLR-4, Nos2, Arg1, and Liver Inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Acalypha indica (Ai) is an herb that is known to have anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. This research was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of Ai extract on the inflammatory process as part of the innate immune response that occurs in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: the normal group, high fructose and cholesterol (HFC) group, HFC + Ai 250 mg/kgBW group, HFC + Ai 400 mg/kgBW group and HFC + pioglitazone (Pgz) group. After 12 weeks, the rats were sacrificed. The liver tissue was taken to measure the levels of TLR2 and TLR4 using the ELISA method. The expression of the Nos2 and Arg1 genes in the liver was measured using PCR. Hematoxylin eosin (HE) slides were made to count the inflammatory cells. RESULTS: Ai extract at a dose of 400 mg/kgBW could reduce random blood glucose (RBG) levels (P = 0.005) with mean ± SEM, respectively (82 ± 5.73), (199.9 ± 27.55), (260.6 ± 67.29), (147.2 ± 12.18), and (148.8 ± 29.4). Ai extract at a dose of 400 mg/kgBW can also reduce fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels (P = 0.02) with mean ± SEM, respectively (76.65 ± 2.612), (144.7 ± 13.03), (193.0 ± 46.17), (117.0 ± 2.629), and (130.5 ± 8.890). In addition, administration of Ai extract showed an increasing effect on TLR4 levels (P = 0.03) with mean ± SEM, respectively (1.967 ± 0.149), (2.632 ± 0.146), (2.687 ± 0.134), (2.902 ± 0.136), and (2.513 ± 0.334). Administration of Ai extract also showed an increase in the number of inflammatory cells in the liver (P = 0.0001) with mean ± SEM, respectively (25.92 ± 2.03), (46.76 ± 3.43), (44.28 ± 3.69), (46.32 ± 3.13), and (30.72). ± 2.94). Administration of Ai extract did not show significant differences in TLR2 levels and Nos2 and Arg1 gene expression. The confidence level used was 95%. CONCLUSIONS: Ai extract can reduce RBG and FBG but cannot reduce inflammation in the liver.