An overview of the relation between tuberculosis and autoantibodies: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a significant global health concern. While traditionally viewed as an infectious disease primarily affecting the lungs, accumulating evidence suggests a complex interplay between TB and the host's immune system, potentially leading to the production of autoantibodies. This systematic review aims to investigate the frequency of autoantibody positivity among active TB patients. METHODS: A comprehensive search of major electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science was performed. The search strategy employed keywords including "tuberculosis", "autoantibodies", and specific autoantibody names such as "ANA", "Anti-dsDNA", "Anti-phospholipid", "ANCA", "RF" and "ACPA" to study the link between TB and autoantibodies. How often autoantibodies are found in TB patients and what this means for diagnosis and treatment, was analyzed. RESULTS: The results indicate a diverse spectrum of autoantibodies among patients with TB. Some of the autoantibodies, such as rheumatoid factor and anti-phospholipid antibodies, are frequently detected. This can pose diagnostic challenges by mimicking autoimmune diseases and may have implications for monitoring treatment response. Furthermore, the bidirectional relationship between TB and autoimmune diseases, where one can increase the risk of the other, underscores the need for careful clinical consideration. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding this complex association is crucial for improving the management of TB, especially in individuals with or at risk of autoimmune conditions.