Treatment outcomes and factors associated with unfavorable outcomes among drug-resistant tuberculosis patients treated with a bedaquiline-based oral regimen.

The treatment success rate for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in Indonesia remains below the national target. Identifying factors associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes is essential to inform more targeted interventions. This retrospective study analyzed medical records of patients with DR-TB who received treatment at Surabaya Haji Hospital between 2020 and 2024. Demographic, clinical, behavioral, and treatment-related variables were evaluated in relation to unfavorable treatment outcomes, defined as a composite outcome of death, treatment failure, or loss to follow-up. Bivariate and binary logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate crude odds ratios and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). A total of 90 eligible patients were included in the analysis. Overall, 52 patients (57.8%) achieved a favorable treatment outcome (cure), whereas 38 (42.2%) experienced unfavorable treatment outcomes, including loss to follow-up (42.1%), death (34.2%), and treatment failure (23.7%). In the bivariable analysis, only a history of previous TB treatment was significantly associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. After adjustment for diabetes mellitus and BCG vaccination history, previous TB treatment remained an independent predictor of unfavorable treatment outcomes (aOR = 11.47; 95% CI: 4.19-31.41; p<0.001). These findings indicate that patients with a history of previous TB treatment are at substantially greater risk of unfavorable treatment outcomes and underscore the need for closer monitoring and more comprehensive management strategies to improve treatment success.