Anti-Cariogenic Potential of Lyophilized Cell-Free Supernatant of Probiotic Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4 against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus anginosus.

Streptococcus species, particularly Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus anginosus, are recognized globally for their role in causing dental caries and other dental issues. Current treatments using fluoride products and conventional antibiotics are often ineffective due to the resilience of biofilms on tooth surfaces. To overcome these challenges, novel approaches that eliminate these pathogens are much needed. In this regard, we have prepared CFS (cell-free supernatant), a postbiotic preparation of our probiotic strain Pediococcus pentosaceus GS4, and investigated the anticariogenic properties of its lyophilized form (LCFS). A quantity of LCFS (400 mg/mL) demonstrated bactericidal, antibiofilm, and anti-caries properties against S. mutans and S. anginosus. The physiological effectiveness of the LCFS was assessed in a simulated artificial salivary fluid (ASF), which showed biofilm inhibition of more than and around 65% for single-pathogen biofilms and above 60% for both-species biofilms, whereas the biofilm formation was inhibited by more than 65% and 60%, respectively, in the growth medium (BHIB). Again, mature biofilm disruption was higher in ASF than in the growth medium. These observations were confirmed by using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy. Additionally, LCFS reduced the cariogenic properties of these pathogens by lowering acid tolerance, reducing EPS production, and increasing sensitivity to H2O2. These findings suggest that such a simple, functional postbiotic preparation could be a promising anticariogenic agent for treating dental caries.