Recent Advances in Laccase Production: Challenges and Future Perspectives

Biological FunctionThe biological function of laccases depends on the life stage and source of the microorganisms involved [18].For bacteria, most laccases are located intracellularly, such as Bacillus subtilis and Azospirillum lipoferum [19].Laccase plays a vital role in cell pigmentation, spore protection, copper resistance, and/or electron transport [20][21][22][23].For example, the outer spore-coat protein CotA participates in the synthesis of spore pigment, and hypothetically, it is responsible for most of the protection afforded by the B. subtilis spore coat against hydrogen peroxide and UV light [24].Fungal laccases are involved in stress defense, pigment production, sporulation, plant pathogenesis, lignin degradation, and fruit body formation [25].Additionally, laccases from plants are involved in plant biological processes, such as ion metabolism, abiotic stress protection, wound healing, polymerization of Laccase, a type of multicopper oxidase, exhibits several notable advantages, including broad distribution, wide catalytic scope, and high oxidation-reduction potential.Owing to its enormous potential in food, textiles, paper, chemical synthesis, and bioremediation, laccase is considered a green catalyst in wide-ranging industrial applications.To aid in understanding the current developments in laccase research, this review introduces the physiological functions, classification, and reaction mechanisms of laccase, with a focus on improvement strategies.In addition, the updated studies and advancements in laccase production are summarized.Finally, the possible research trends and general development directions for more efficient laccase production are also proposed.