S. Dichiara, E. Troja, B. O’Connor, Y.-H. Yang, P. Beniamini, A. Galvan-Gamez, T. Sakamoto, Y. Kawakubo, J. C. Charlton
Abstract We report the precise X-ray localization of GRB 230906A, a short-duration ( T 90 ∼ 0.9 s) gamma-ray burst (GRB) with no optical or radio counterpart. Deep imaging with the Hubble Space Telescope detects a faint galaxy ( G * ; F160W ≃ 26 AB mag) coincident with the subarcsecond X-ray position. Compared with standard GRB galaxies, its faintness, compact size, and color would suggest a high-redshift ( z ≳ 3) host. However, our observations also reveal the presence of a galaxy group at z ∼ 0.453, confirmed spectroscopically with the Very Large Telescope/MUSE, with clear signs of interactions and mergers among group members. The GRB and its putative host project onto an extended (≈180 kpc) tidal tail emerging from the group’s central galaxy. The probability of a chance alignment is small ( P cc ≲ 4%); we thus argue that the GRB and its galaxy G * reside within the group. Their peculiar location along the tidal debris suggests that an enhanced burst of star formation, induced by the galaxy merger, might have formed the progenitor compact binary ≲700 Myr ago. The compact binary later evolved in a neutron star merger that produced GRB 230906A and injected r -process material into the surrounding circumgalactic medium.