Strategy for Identifying Vera C. Rubin Observatory Kilonova Candidates for Targeted Gravitational-wave Searches

Abstract Since the observation of the binary neutron star merger GW170817 and the associated kilonova AT2017gfo, the next joint gravitational-wave/optical kilonova has been highly anticipated. Overlapping observations between the Vera C. Rubin Observatory and the international gravitational-wave detector network are expected soon. Wide-field survey facilities, such as Rubin, can serve dual roles in gravitational-wave astronomy: conducting dedicated optical counterpart searches following gravitational-wave triggers and, through surveys such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, providing opportunities for fortuitous kilonova discoveries during routine operations. We use simulations to develop a strategy for identifying kilonova candidates observed by Rubin and processed by the F ink broker. These candidates can be used as astrophysical triggers for a targeted gravitational-wave search. We simulate kilonovae light curves for the first year of Rubin with the latest observing strategy for the Wide-Fast-Deep and the Deep Drilling Fields. Assuming a kilonova rate of 250 Gpc −3 yr −1 , we find that Rubin should observe ∼40 kilonovae per year within the gravitational-wave detector horizon (∼500 Mpc). However, only ∼4 will be received by the brokers with a signal-to-noise ratio larger than 5. Most of these will be faint, and detected 1–2 days following the neutron star merger. Photometric and spectroscopic follow-up will be limited to large telescopes. Using archival data from the Zwicky Transient Facility and our proposed selection criteria, we estimate a minimum contamination of at least 30 events per month from other transients and variables, even under our strictest selection criteria. A deep gravitational-wave search targeting Rubin kilonova candidates may lead to the next multimessenger discovery.