Abundance Pattern Fitting with Bayesian Inference: Constraining First Stars’ Properties and Their Explosion Mechanism with Extremely Metal-poor Stars

Abstract The abundance patterns of extremely metal-poor stars preserve a fossil record of the Universe’s earliest chemical enrichment by the supernova explosions from the evolution of first generation of stars, also referred to as Population III stars. By applying Bayesian inference to the analysis of abundance patterns of these ancient stars, this study presents a systematic investigation into the properties and explosion mechanism of Pop III stars. We apply NLTE corrections to enhance the reliability of abundance measurements, which significantly reduces the discrepancies in abundances between observations and theoretical yields for odd-Z elements, such as Na and Al. Our Bayesian framework also enables the incorporation of explodability and effectively mitigates biases introduced by varying resolutions across different supernova model grids. In addition to confirming a top-heavy ( α = 0.54) initial mass function for massive Pop III stars, we derive a robust mass–energy relation ( E ∝ M 2 ) of the first supernovae. These findings demonstrate that stellar abundance analysis provides a powerful and independent approach for probing early supernova physics and the fundamental nature of the first stars.