Recent Advances in Air Pollution Monitoring and Forecasting

Addressing the growing problem of urban air pollution requires that sophisticated air pollution monitoring and forecasting systems be incorporated into civil engineering practice. New technologies that support smarter and more sustainable urban environments include the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and machine learning (ML). These technologies allow for real-time data acquisition, high-resolution monitoring, and precise predictive optimization. Continuous, spatially dense air quality monitoring is made possible by IoT-based sensor networks, while big data frameworks can effectively integrate and analyse diverse, multi-source datasets. Meanwhile, ML and deep learning can further improve forecasting accuracy, enabling urban planners and civil engineers to foresee pollution trends and implement proactive mitigation measures. Notwithstanding these developments, challenges persist for data integration, sensor calibration, model transparency, and the reliability of inexpensive monitoring systems. To overcome these constraints, improvements are needed in terms of data accuracy, robust calibration techniques, and the implementation of interpretable ML models. This review emphasizes the vital role of civil engineers in promoting resilient and sustainable urban development, advancing effective air quality management, and safeguarding public health through interdisciplinary collaboration between data scientists and policymakers.