Integrative One Health strategies for the surveillance, control, and prevention of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases: bridging human, animal, and environmental health in a changing world

Vector-borne and zoonotic diseases (VBZDs) represent over 75% of emerging infections globally and continue to impose severe health and economic burdens, especially in lowand middle-income countries.This review examines integrative One Health strategies for the surveillance, control, and prevention of VBZDs, emphasizing the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health.Using thematic synthesis, evidence from multidisciplinary studies were analyzed to identify effective interventions and persistent challenges.The findings reveal that the environmental, socioeconomic, behavioral, climate change, and cultural factors have contributed to the emergence and global spread of these diseases, rendering public health efforts ineffective with fragmented surveillance systems, weak governance, and inequitable access impeding early outbreak detection and coordinated responses.However, hybrid and digital surveillance models, including artificial intelligencedriven and genomic tools, have demonstrated improved predictive capacity and real-time data sharing.Integrated vector management approaches combining biological, chemical, environmental measures and effective governance mechanisms show enhanced sustainability when coupled with community participation.To protect communities and reduce the burden, we recommend strengthened policy and financing frameworks such as multisectoral coordination committees, pooled One Health budgets, and legally mandated governance, promoting equitable community-driven approaches, incorporating gender-sensitive, participatory, and indigenous knowledge-based approaches.The review highlights that