Myriad meanings

Language serves as a vital conduit through which culture, emotion, and social meaning are conveyed, particularly in judicial contexts where witness testimonies shape the factual record. This study systematically examines the use of coded language and euphemisms in eyewitness testimonies before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Drawing on a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 64 trial transcripts across 16 cases, we investigate the prevalence of culturally embedded linguistic forms and assess their distribution by witness type. Contrary to prior anecdotal expectations, we found that coded language and euphemisms were used much less frequently during trials than anticipated, with expert witnesses, rather than crime-base witnesses, accounting for the majority of instances. This research contributes to a growing literature on language, law, and culture in post-conflict justice settings. Our findings highlight how linguistic choices can impact evidentiary clarity. They underscore the importance of cultural sensitivity in international trials and suggest avenues for improving interpretation practices.