Probabilistic Prediction of Local Scour at Bridge Piers with Interpretable Machine Learning

Local pier scour remains one of the leading causes of bridge failure, calling for predictions that are both accurate and uncertainty-aware. This study develops an interpretable data-driven framework that couples CatBoost (Categorial Gradient Boosting) for deterministic point prediction with NGBoost (Natural Gradient Boosting) for probabilistic prediction. Both models are trained on a laboratory dataset of 552 measurements of local scour at bridge piers using non-dimensional inputs (y/b, V/Vc, b/d50, Fr). Model performance was quantitatively evaluated using standard regression metrics, and interpretability was provided through SHAP (Shapley Additive Explanations) analysis. Monte Carlo–based reliability analysis linked the predicted scour depths to a reliability index β and exceedance probability through a simple multiplicative correction factor. On the held-out test set, CatBoost offers slightly higher point-prediction accuracy, while NGBoost yields well-calibrated prediction intervals with empirical coverages close to the nominal 68% and 95% levels. This framework delivers accurate, interpretable, and uncertainty-aware scour estimates for target-reliability, risk-informed bridge design.