Assessing Flood Adaptation Measures in Post-Cyclone Recovery and Reconstruction: The 2023 Cyclone Freddy Case in Kachulu, Malawi

In 2023, Tropical Cyclone Freddy caused severe damage in southern Malawi, flooding much of the lowland area near Lake Chilwa and displacing many residents. This study evaluates long-term, region-specific mitigation strategies to lessen future risks, using a novel approach that combines drone and satellite data, building footprints, and 3D simulations to analyze how building elevation affects flood damage and assess Property-Level Flood Risk Adaptation measures. Results show a significant difference in ground elevation between affected and unaffected buildings, with damaged structures generally at lower levels. The 3D simulation confirmed a water-level rise of approximately 3.0 m caused by Freddy. Scenario analysis indicates that elevating buildings by 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 m could reduce direct flood exposure and 64%, 76%, and 91% of damage, respectively. These insights can inform the development of targeted regional risk-mitigation strategies through Property-Level Flood Risk Adaptation in high-risk areas.