The Flowery Stations Contest in Early Twentieth-Century Italy: Railway Gardens and the Case Study of Ripafratta (Tuscany).

Urban green areas are essential for human well-being, biodiversity, and environmental sustainability. Although railway renewal projects are celebrated today, Italy pioneered the Flowery Stations Contest (FSC) in the early twentieth century. This study provides the first comprehensive synthesis of the FSC experience (1911-1915), investigating its historical evolution, organizational features, and botanical aspects. A systematic review of 81 historical documents was conducted to reconstruct the contest's framework. To evaluate long-term impact, we surveyed 90 historically top-ranked stations via satellite imagery and investigated the case study of Ripafratta station (a fraction of San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Tuscany). Results show the FSC involved up to 291 stations, prioritizing esthetic decorum and hygiene against locomotive soot. Although organizers recommended 64% non-native genera, stationmasters favoured local biodiversity, increasing effectively employed native genera to 43%. Nowadays, 54% of surveyed stations retain their gardens, mainly located in rural areas, yet 82% of these are neglected following the decline of the resident stationmaster's role. We conclude that the FSC established a significant physical and cultural legacy. Recovering its model of decentralized stewardship could offer a strategic framework for modern urban regeneration, transforming stations into multifunctional hubs while preserving regional floristic identity, in alignment with contemporary European sustainability models.