Salt Tolerance in Soybean (Glycine max L.): A Comprehensive Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Key Regulators, and Future Perspectives for Saline Soil Utilization

Soil salinization poses a significant threat to global agricultural productivity. Among crops, soybean (Glycine max), an important source of oil and protein, is more susceptible to salt stress compared to other major crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa). To better utilize saline land resources, understanding the mechanisms underlying salt tolerance in soybean is essential for developing new salt-tolerant soybean varieties that contribute to food security. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in soybean, with a focus on ion homeostasis, osmotic adjustment, oxidative balance restoration, structural adaptations, and transcriptional regulatory networks. Key findings highlight the critical roles of ion transporters—such as GmNHX1, GmSOS1, GmHKT1, and GmCLC1—in maintaining Na+/K+ and Cl− balance; the accumulation of osmoprotectants like proline and LEA proteins to alleviate osmotic stress; and the activation of antioxidant systems—including SOD, CAT, and APX—to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, structural adaptations, such as salt gland-like features observed in wild soybean (Glycine soja), and transcriptional regulation via ABA-dependent and independent pathways (e.g., GmDREB, GmbZIP132, GmNAC) further enhance tolerance. Despite these advances, critical gaps remain regarding Cl− transport mechanisms, rhizosphere microbial interactions, and the genetic basis of natural variation in salt tolerance. Future research should integrate genomic tools, omics-based breeding, genome editing techniques such as CRISPR-Cas9, microbial technologies, and traditional breeding methods to develop salt-tolerant soybean varieties, providing sustainable solutions for the utilization of saline–alkali soils and enhancing global food security.