Comprehensive Review on the Biomedical Applications of Marine Algal Polysaccharides

Marine algal polysaccharides (MAPs) are multifunctional biopolymers with significant potential in biomedical applications. Derived from brown, red, and green algae, key examples include alginate, agar, carrageenan, fucoidan, ulvan, and laminarin. Their structural diversity underlies a broad range of biological activities, particularly among sulfated polysaccharides, which exhibit antiviral, anticancer, anticoagulant, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects. Owing to their biocompatibility and tunable physicochemical properties, MAPs are also valuable in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. Advances in ultrasound-, microwave-, and enzyme-assisted extraction methods have enhanced yield and functionality. This review combines structural, extraction, and biomedical views on MAPs, with a focus on how molecular characteristics relate to their potential as drugs. Future work should focus on scalable green extraction, molecular-level characterization, and clinical validation to develop MAPs-based biomaterials for next-generation drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering.