Unraveling the Potential of Giardia Extracellular Vesicles as a Vaccine Candidate

Objectives: This study aimed to investigated the role of Giardia extracellular vesicles (EVs) in intercellular communication and to evaluated their potential as vaccine candidates. Methods: The immunomodulatory effects of Giardia EVs were assessed in mouse macrophages and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs), with a particular focus on key inflammatory signaling pathways. In vivo immunogenicity was evaluated following EV administration, and the antigenic composition of EV cargo was characterized by proteomic analysis. Results: Giardia EVs activated pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in mouse macrphages, including SAPK/JNK, ERK1/2, and NF-κB. This activation was associated with IκB-α degradation and nuclear translocation of p65. Furthermore, EV stimulation significantly upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, including Il1β, Il6, Il4, Ptgs2, Nos2, and Tnf, with log2 fold changes ranging from 3.9 to 15.8. Consistently, EVs increased iNOS protein expression (28–45%) and nitrite production (9.6–12.3-fold). In human Mo-DCs, Giardia EVs promoted cellular maturation, as evidenced by increased expression of MHC-II, CD80, and CD86, and enhanced T-cell proliferation with a Th1-skewed profile. In vivo immunization induced antigen-specific antibody responses, with IgG subclass distribution indicative of a balanced Th1/Th2 response. Proteomic analysis identified immunoreactive EV-associated proteins, including elongation factor 1-alpha, α-7.3 giardin, tubulin, and variant surface proteins (VSPs), which are well-established antigens in Giardia infection, with prominent bands observed at approximately 22 kDa and 50 kDa. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings demonstrate that Giardia EVs modulate innate immune responses in vitro, elicit antigen-specific humoral immunity in vivo, and contain conserved immunogenic proteins. These properties support their potential as a promising cell-free vaccine platform against giardiasis.